Dwain Northey (Gen X)

Still trying to wrap my head around those that cast their ballots based on inflation and the economy but record travel and retailers having huge numbers for Black Friday. I am really starting to believe that all the crying was complete BS.

Just a short rant to get this off my chest.

Music lovers today know that many live shows are a luxury expense or even out of reach — an average concert ticket costs well over $100. But in 1980, $20 could snag you two tickets to see some of the top acts of the day, including Peter Gabriel, Bob Seger, or the Grateful Dead. Today, meanwhile,  it might be able to get you a drink at big arena shows. 

For kids (or collectors), brand-new Transformers toys at the peak of their popularity in the ’80s were typically priced at about $10; for a more deluxe figure, $20 was the norm. And while $20 doesn’t go very far in the fast-food realm today, in the 1980s, it bought a lot: A McDonald’s value meal deal cost a mere $2.59, meaning $20 could feed a family of seven — or a family of five with money left over for ice cream afterward.

Traffic lights were invented before stop signs.

SCIENCE & INDUSTRY

A lthough modern traffic lights are inextricably linked with the automobile, the world’s first traffic light existed nearly 20 years before German inventor Karl Benz patented the first modern car. On December 9, 1868, a 20-foot-tall traffic light was installed at the intersection of Bridge Street and Great George Street outside the Palace of Westminster in London, as a way to control the flow of carriage and pedestrian traffic. An adaptation of the signaling system used by railroads, the light used pivoting “arms” (known as semaphore arms) to communicate “stop” and “go” during the day, and gas-powered red and green lights at night. (Unfortunately, relying on gas proved to be a serious problem when the traffic light exploded less than a month later.) 

Surprisingly, this complex signaling system predated the idea of a simple stop sign by nearly 30 years. Stop signs originated in response to appeals for some sort of safety signage to tame the chaotic streets of early 20th-century America, which lacked speed limits, directional signs, or any traffic laws. In the year 1900,  New York businessman William Phelps Eno (considered the father of U.S. traffic law, though he never drove a car himself) wrote an article suggesting stop signs be placed at intersections. It took another 15 years, but the first stop signs were installed in Detroit, Michigan — the heart of the U.S. automotive industry — and the idea was soon exported to the rest of the country and around the world. 

On October 11, 1910, former President Theodore Roosevelt took to the skies above St. Louis, Missouri, aboard a Wright Company aircraft. This unprecedented event, which took place roughly 19 months after Roosevelt left office, made Roosevelt the first U.S. president to fly in an airplane. The decision to fly was off the cuff: Roosevelt was visiting Missouri to support state Republicans in their election campaign when he was invited to hop aboard the airplane by aviator Arch Hoxsey. He initially declined, but then changed his mind and climbed aboard. The plane took Roosevelt to “a height of less than one hundred feet,” according to a New-York Tribune article, and covered 3 miles over the span of 3 minutes and 20 seconds. Roosevelt was described by a reporter from the United Press as having “defied death” in front of 10,000 breathless onlookers, and emerged saying, “That was the bulliest experience I ever had.”

Teddy wasn’t the only Roosevelt to make aviation history. In 1932, his fifth cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt flew from New York to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago to accept the party’s presidential nomination. FDR later became the first president to fly on a plane on January 13, 1943, when he flew to Morocco to meet with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The journey was more than 15,000 miles total, as the plane made refueling stops in Trinidad, Brazil, and the Gambia on the way. The president would have normally taken a boat, but doing so was far too risky given the German submarine activity in the Atlantic Ocean at the time.

Should Offshore Oil Rigs Be Turned into Artificial Reefs?

Oil rigs around the world are habitats for marine species. When they stop producing oil, should they be removed or allowed to stay?

To Remove or to Reef

Defunct oil rigs off the coast of California are slated to be removed by the end of the decade. But one biologist is arguing that some parts of them should remain, journalist Asher Radziner reports in our December issue. The reason? The underwater bases of the rigs have become home to a thriving assortment of ocean life, effectively making them artificial reefs. The idea—colloquially called “rigs to reefs”—has been shown to bolster fish populations elsewhere, particularly in the Gulf of Mexico. Not everyone is sold on the idea, with some experts and advocates saying it lets oil and gas companies off the hook for environmental damage and that the seafloor should be restored to its natural state.

How it works: First, oil wells are plugged and sealed. Experts conduct an environmental review of the site. If a rig is selected to become an artificial reef, the portions of the rig above the surface and up to a certain depth below the water are removed to prevent damage to passing ships. The rest of the rig is left to the fish, mussels, sea anemones and other creatures that have latched on to the structure.

What the experts say: “As a biologist, I just give people facts. But I have my own view as a citizen, which is: I just think it’s criminal to kill huge numbers of animals because they settled on a piece of steel instead of a rock,” says Milton Love, a biologist at the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara. — Andrea Thompson

Myth: Thanksgiving Has Been Celebrated Since the 1600s

Americans haven’t continuously celebrated Thanksgiving since its first iteration in 1621. In fact, there are few surviving details of the earliest Thanksgiving celebration; according to some historians, that’s because colonists didn’t view the meal as a new tradition. While Thanksgiving-like events occasionally occurred in the century after, it wasn’t until 1789 that George Washington began the trend of Presidents declaring official days of autumnal celebration. Even then, Thanksgiving didn’t become a national holiday until 1863, when a campaign for its recognition was supported by President Abraham Lincoln.

Myth: Colonists Who Arrived on the Mayflower Were Called Pilgrims

“Pilgrim” is the term we commonly use today to refer to the European settlers who ventured across the Atlantic, though that’s not what passengers on the Mayflower went by. Those who boarded the ship to start a new life in North America referred to themselves as “saints” or “separatists” because of their division from the Church of England. Later on, the colonists would be called “first-comers” or “forefathers,” until around 1800, when the term “pilgrim” emerged, and stuck.

Myth: Thanksgiving Has Always Been Held in November

The earliest national observances of Thanksgiving didn’t follow a pattern; instead of occurring on a predictable date, the timing of the holiday was left up to the President. As noted above, George Washington was the first President to acknowledge Thanksgiving, designating Thursday, November 26, 1789, as a day of prayer and gratitude. However, Thomas Jefferson refused to declare a date, citing a conflict of church and state. And in 1815, fourth President James Madison set Thanksgiving for April of that year. While November celebrations were typical, Thanksgiving didn’t get its official designation as the fourth Thursday of the month until 1941.

Pumpkin pie has been an American tradition for as long as the United States has hadtraditions, and we largely have the country’s Indigenous populations to thank for that. Pumpkin itself is native to North America and was first cultivated around 5500 BCE. The winter squash was almost certainly introduced to European settlers by the Wampanoag people of Massachusetts, who helped the newly arrived colonists at Plymouth survive their first winter. Though it’s unknown who made the first pumpkin pies, we do know the earliest versions had no crust, but were cooked (and served) inside hollowed-out pumpkins — an obvious-in-hindsight innovation that some adventurous bakers still prepare on occasion.

Pumpkin in all its many forms proved popular with the English, who eventually began cooking pies in the form we know today. And though pumpkin pie was not served at the first Thanksgiving, it has been a staple of the holiday for centuries; the town of Colchester, Connecticut, went so far as to delay the holiday by a week in 1705 because there wasn’t enough molasses to prepare the dessert. As with much else in America, including Thanksgiving itself, none of this would be possible without the contributions of Indigenous people. The autumn treat remains popular to this day, with 36% of Americans citing it as their favorite Thanksgiving pie — more than twice the number that opt for pecan pie (17%) or apple pie (14%) instead.